Is Anger Better to Hold In or Let It Out?

                                        Is Anger Better to Hold In or Let It Out?

        For years, I have always heard from various people that holding in one’s anger is bad and that I should let it out, but I have always been skeptical about such a claim, even though I do indeed express my frustration and anger about many things. It seems that in doing so I have never seemed to get over what has made me angry, only gotten angrier about it. Either expressing it has led to more fighting or other people fueling my aggravated fire. So, I am looking to research: Whether holding in anger is good or letting out the anger is better?

Per the American Psychological Association: “One out of five Americans has an anger management problem.” “Anger is an emotional state that varies in intensity from mild irritation to intense fury and rage. Like other emotions, it is accompanied by physiological and biological changes; when you get angry, your heart and blood pressure go up, as do the levels of your energy hormones adrenaline and noradrenaline.”

"Most normal people experience anger a few times a week, says Kassinove. According to a 1997 study by him and his colleagues, 58% of anger episodes include yelling or screaming. And less than 10% involve physical aggression." Which he then goes on to say that "A lot of ways in which we think when we're angry to make situations worse." This is why he uses a "cognitive-relaxation intervention" that statistically lowered anger in the college students he studies significantly.
        If different forms of anger from different anger forming situations were observed from a randomized set of people, they could be watched to separate ones who held in their anger from those who did not. Upon separating those people into two groups another set of tests could be conducted to figure out who is more mentally and physically affected by the anger, those holding it in, or those expressing it. Tests such as blood pressure and heart monitoring, stress tests, and mental evaluations could all be performed to answer who was being more affected. A set of physical and mental tests prior to the anger invoking instances would have to also be performed to establish a base for each individual participant to gauge their anger. A measure of their resting state to compare to their angered state. Once each set of data was collected an interpretation of it could determine who was in better mental and physical condition, therefore answering the question of whether it’s better to hold in one’s anger or let it out.

        Using the scientific method to test random and large groups of people to figure out whether it is better to express anger or not is a much better way to answer this question as opposed to the method of tenacity of believing the long-running myth that it’s better to let the anger out. Psychologist Brad Bushman believes that it is a perpetuation by the media that keep that myth alive and kicking, that for the purpose of always having a story they want people to believe that it’s better to express anger. He states: “One likely reason for the continued widespread belief in catharsis is that the mass media continue to endorse the view that expressing anger or aggressive feelings is healthy, constructive, and relaxing, whereas restraining oneself creates tension that is unhealthy and bound to lead to an eventual blowup.”

Further stating that: “The belief that observing violence (or ‘ventilating it’) gets rid of hostilities has virtually never been supported by research” (pg. 194) “Because activities that are cathartic also are aggressive, they could lead to the activation of other aggressive thoughts, emotions, and behavioral tendencies, which in turn could lead to greater anger and aggression.” (pg. 368) (Berkowitz, 1984; Tice & Baumeister, 1993) “People expect that performing cathartic activities will reduce their anger and aggression, when cathartic activities are actually more likely to have the opposite effect” (Geen & Quanty, 1977; Warren & Kurlychek, 1981).
        Which would clarify why I cannot seem to get over anything or let anything go. The more I get angry and “ventilate it” the angrier I get and the longer it continues to stay with me. The longer the anger stays with me the more likely I am to get angrier over other small stuff, as much as the big stuff, quicker and therefore keeping the anger with me and allowing to it grow exponentially over time. All of which are unhealthy factors for our minds and bodies. In conclusion, it is not better to express it constantly. It is better to learn to control one’s anger and learn other ways to think when anger starts to creep into one’s emotional discourse. The scientific method was used in a study done in 1997 by Brad Bushman and his colleagues that proved just that, beating out the method of tenacity.



                                                    Works Cited and References:
  • Bushman, B. J., Baumeister, R. F., & Stack, A. D. (1999). Catharsis, Aggression, and Persuasive Influence: Self-fulfilling or Self-Defeating Prophecies? [Abstract]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(3), 367-368.
  • Holloway, J. D. (2003, March). Advances in Anger Management. Monitor Staff, 34(3). Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/monitor/mar03/advances.aspx
  • Controlling Anger Before it Controls You. (2008). Retrieved October 28, 2016, from http://stepupprogram.org/docs/handouts/STEPUP_Controlling_Anger_Before_It_Controls_You.pdf

School Counselor Job Burnout

Assignment Discussion
Ethical Psychology 570


                                                     School Counselor Burnout

One area that could be identified as a common reason for unethical decision making in school counseling is burnout.

"School counselors like all mental health professionals are at high risk for burnout. High caseloads, job role ambiguity, and lack of supervision increase their propensity for burnout. Three areas were selected for study in this article due to their potential impact on burnout: Supervision, student-to-counselor-ratios, and non-guidance related duties. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were conducted and findings indicate non-guidance related duties and supervision are the best predictors of burnout."
        Based on the information stated here by Michael Moyer in his Journal of School Counseling article it seems clear that unethical decision making could occur on the part of a guidance counselor due to burnout that stems from incompetence to be able to do their job proficiently because they are forced to guide others without adequate sources of guidance themselves, plus added caseload work unrelated to their core duties.

"Given their many responsibilities, the various roles that school counselors inhabit, the importance of the work they do with students, and the complicated nature of the U.S. educational system, it is clear that school counselors are vulnerable to harmful levels of stress (Bryant & Constantine, 2006, Culbreth, Scarborough, Banks & Johnson & Soloman, 2005)."
        When harmful levels of stress start to take a toll on a person's emotional and physical well-being the ability to filter what they say and do becomes harder and harder and it continually widens the door for unethical mishaps to creep in.

"The Maslach Burnout Inventor -Educators Survey (MBI-ES; C. Maslach, S.E. Jackson, & M.P. Leitee, 1996) was used to examine burnout among professional school counselors (N=198). Guided by stress-strain-coping theory, final hierarchical regression models accounted for 49% of the variation in the emotional exhaustion scale, 27% on the depersonalization scale, and 36% on the personal accomplishment scale. Numerous individual stress & coping variables significantly predicted burnout among school counselors in the multivariate context."
        Emotional exhaustion is a depletion of one’s own energy to do any job let alone do it competently. Depersonalization is the ability to care about each student fairly without bias or prejudice no matter what the problem is and help them with respect to their individual needs always at the forefront of the counselors’ mind. Personal accomplishment being the ability to look at one’s self in the mirror and feel good about the things they have accomplished and what they plan to continue to accomplish as a counselor and person. These are extremely important to be able to be the best counselor a child needs and that you can be proud to be. Without the proper guidance about the job you’re going to undertake as to what the expectations are and the training to avoid burnout then incompetence to perform a quality job and ethical mistakes are bound to occur.
        If schools would simply ease the workload on school counselors with proper training and explanations of what their primary goals and focuses should be and divide the caseload amongst more than one counselor, then many of these issues would be avoided. Which, would free up mind space to keep filters intact which helps counselors and anyone from making bad decisions that considerable amounts of stress can lead people to make poor judgments and careless costly mistakes.


                                                    Works Cited and References:
  • Moyer, M. (2011). Effects of Non-Guidance Activities, Supervision, and Student-to-Counselor Ratios on School Counselor Burnout [Abstract]. 9(5), 31. Retrieved October 28, 2016.
  • Wilkerson, K. (2009). An Examination of Burnout Among School Counselors Guided by Stress-Strain-Coping Theory [Abstract]. Journal of Counseling and Development, 87, 428.
  • McCarthy, C., Von Horn Kerne, V., Calfa, N. A., Lambert, R. G., & Guzman, M. (2010, February). An Exploration of School Counselors' Demands and Resources: Relationship to Stress, Biographic, and Caseload Characteristics [Abstract]. Professional School Counseling, 13(3), 146.

Scientific Research Discussion Notes


Assignment Discussion
October 24th 2016
Research and Analysis 500


                                         According to the four steps of the scientific method

1) Observation and Description


2) Hypothesis Formulation


3) Use of the Hypothesis


4) Testing


Freud's theories were in part in accordance with these methodical steps. (In my opinion of course.)

        While a large part of his work was done without regard for testing the masses like we do today with our many advances and advantages to our scientific communities, that doesn't mean that the man didn't test any subjects at all in terms of his many observations, a multitude of theories, hysteria hypothesis and continual use of his own scientific method in his head testing in detail the patients he had.

        According to S.A. McLeod, "Science uses an empirical approach" which is an approach where you "gain knowledge through experience" which is what we consider as our scientific method now. By this standard, I believe that Freud did just that. He only had a small testing bank of people. While Freud is not the father of experimental psychology, he is widely considered the father of psychology which came first. So by today's standards, I would be inclined, as most will, to say that Freud's theories are not scientific. However, by the standards that were in place at the time in which he was in practice and where he was located with his availability for resources, I believe he was at that time.

        According to the paper Psychoanalysis: Freud's Revolutionary Approach by Kristen M. Beystehner there is a debate over Freud's data. Further proving that he was adhering to a scientific method, despite its early development and his limited number of participants. Ms. Beystehner sites Grunbaum (author of "Precis of the Foundations of Psychoanalysis: A Philosophical Critique") and other critics as contending "that Freud's theory is lacking in empirical evidence and relies too heavily on therapeutic achievements, whereas others assert that even Freud's clinical data are flawed, inaccurate, and selective at best." Then siting the counter by Edelson and Shevrin that "Freud's admirable heuristic hypothesis did not come out of the thin air or simply out of his imagination.. extra clinical methods must be drawn upon in addition to the clinical method because the clinical method is the only way we can be in touch with certain phenomena". Ms. Beystehner further elaborated "Only with quantification, many critics assert, can supposedly scientific theories even begin to be evaluated based on their empirical merits." That, in my opinion, is proved when she went on to report that Freud "fully presented only twelve cases, but he had mentioned over one hundred minor cases."

        Whether they were accepted or not for the purpose of the question asked again, yes, I believe they were scientific theories because he followed the scientific method at the time he was practicing psychology as he saw fit to the best of his ability.

        In terms of pseudoscience what makes a psychological theory scientific is being able to prove it with the scientific method of empirical evidence. According to the article, "What is Pseudoscience? Distinguishing Between Science and Pseudoscience is Problematic" by Michael Shermer, Freud was pseudoscience because his theories "could never be disproved because there was no testable hypothesis open to refutability." I disagree as I believe Freud had many hypotheses for things that have been proven throughout the test of time. Things such as aliens, horoscopes, and mediums are all subjects of a pseudoscience because while they have all stood the test of time they have never been confirmed in a laboratory setting with controlled variables or confirmed by our government yet as real.



                                                      Works Cited and References:
  • McLeod, S.A. (2008). Psychology As A Science. Retrieved From: www.simplypsychology.org/science-pschology.html
  • Beystehner, Kristen M. (1998). Psychoanalysis: Freud's Revolutionary Approach to Human Personality. Retrieved From: www.personalityresearch.org/papers/beystehner.html
  • Shermer, Michael (2011). What is Pseudoscience? Distinguishing Between Science and Pseudoscience is Problematic. Retrieved From: www.scienticamerican.com/article/what-is-pseudoscience/

Marxist Psychoanalysis of Conrad's Heart of Darkness

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